PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Volume 20, Issue no.1/ 2026

Authors :

Emilija Manevska 1 , Olgica Dimitrovska 1 , Ivan Radevski 1 , Svemir Gorin 1 , Arse Kuzmanoski 1 , Ana M. Petrovic 2

1 Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Geography, Skopje, North Macedonia 

2 Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijic” of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia

E-mail : * Corresponding author: emilijamanevska@pmf.ukim.mk

https://doi.org/10.47743/pesd2026201007

VIEW FULL TEXT

1. Adamek, A.; Ziernicka-Wojtaszek, A. (2019) Comparison of regression models of PM10 particulate concentration in relation to selected meteorological elements based on the ?xample of Sosnowiec, Poland. Idojaras - Q.J.Hung. Meteorol. Serv., 123 (1), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.28974/idojaras.2019.1.8 
2.  Aldrin, M.; Haff, I.H. (2005) Generalized additive modelling of air pollution, traffic volume and meteorology, Atmos. Environ, 39, (11), 2145–2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.020 
3.  Angelevska, B.; Atanasova, V.; Stojanovski, V. (2017) Facing the air pollution problem in Macedonia: reduction and mitigation measures. VI International symposium, New horizons 2017 of transport and communications. 
4. https://eprints.uklo.edu.mk/id/eprint/7207/1/Angelevska_Atanasova_Doboj_2017.pdf (Accessed on 07.04.2026). 
5.  Avis, R. (2022) Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution in North Macedonia. The Institute of Development Studies and Partner Organizations. Report. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413/17672 
6.  Bai, L.; Wang, J.; Ma, X.; & Lu, H. (2018) Air pollution forecasts: An overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15, (4), 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040780 
7.  Barmpadimos, I.; Hueglin, C.; Keller, J.; Henne, S.; Prévôt, A.S.H. (2011) Influence of meteorology on PM10 trends and variability in Switzerland from 1991 to 2008. Atmos. Chem. Phys, 11, (4,) 1813–1835. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1813-2011 
8.  Belušic, A.; Herceg-Bulic, I.; Klaic, Z.B. (2015) Using a generalized additive model to quantify the influence of local meteorology on air quality in Zagreb. Geofizika, 32, (1), 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15233/gfz.2015.32.5 
9.  Chaloulakou, A.; Kassomenos, P.; Spyrellis, N.; Demokritou, P.; & Koutrakis, P. (2003) Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 particle concentrations in Athens, Greece. Atmos. Environ. 37, (5), 649-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00898-1 
10.  Chen, Y.; Liu, H.; Alatalo, J.; Jiang, B. (2023) Air quality characteristics during 2016–2020 in Wuhan, China. Sci. Rep, 13, 8477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35465-1 
11.  Djekic, T.; Ristic, S.; Stamenkovic, S.; Šajn, R.; Engelman, M. (2020) Lichens as indicators of Air Quality in Balneological Center Prolom Banja (Southern Serbia). J. Geogr. Inst. Jovan Cvijic SASA, 70, (2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2002101D 
12.  Fenger, J. (1999) Urban air quality. Atmos. Environ, 33, (29), 4877–4900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00290-3 
13.  Ferenczi, Z.; Imre, K.; Lakatos, M.; Molnár, Á.; Bozó, L.; Homolya, E.; Gelencsér, A. (2021) Long-term Characterization of Urban PM10 in Hungary. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 21, 210048. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.210048 
14.  Han, D.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, X.; Tan, Y. (2022) Study on spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of pedestrian-level PM2.5 concentrations in outdoor open spaces of Harbin in winter, using a generalized additive model (GAM). Urban climate, 46, 101313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101313 
15.  He, S.; Mazumdar, S.; Arena, V.C. (2006) A comparative study of the use of GAM and GLM in air pollution research. Environmetrics: The official journal of the International Environmetrics Society, 17, (1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.751 
16.  Khan, Z.; Rana, A.; Rakib, N.; Rakib, R. (2025) Meteorological influence on particulate matter levels: A case study of Bonpara, Natore. World J. Adv. Res. Rev. 25, (3), 1632–1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.3.0916 
17.  Lazareska, M.; Markoski, B. (2019) Chronology of the urban expansion of Skopje. Acta Geobalcanica, 5, (2), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.18509/AGB.2019.08 
18.  Lazareska, M.; Markoski, B. (2019) Chronology of the urban expansion of Kumanovo. 5th International Scientific Conference GEOBALCANICA 2019 Proceedings, 573–589. http://dx.doi.org/10.18509/GBP.2019.68 
19.  Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Lu, J. (2020) Exploring the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions in China under environmental governance. Sci. Rep. 10, 14518. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71338-7 
20.  Ma, Y.; Ma, B.; Jiao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Xin, J.; Yu, Z. (2020) An analysis of the effects of weather and air pollution on tropospheric ozone using a generalized additive model in Western China: Lanzhou, Gansu. Atmos. Environ, 224, 117342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117342 
21. Mage, D.; Ozolins, G.; Peterson, P.; Webster, A.; Orthofer, R.; Vandeweerd, V.; Gwynne, M. (1996) Urban air pollution in megacities of the world. Atmos. Environ. 30, (5), 681–686. https://alpha.chem.umb.edu/chemistry/ch471/documents/mageetal.pdf 
22.  Manevska, E.; Dimitrovska, O.; Radevski, I. (2020) Analysis of the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particles in the air in the city of Skopje and their impact on its quality. Geogr. Rev. 53, 65–74. https://igeografija.mk/reviews/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/05-Manevska-et-al-GR53-ENG.pdf 
23.  Manevska, E.; Dimitrovska, O.; Radevski, I.; Gorin, S.; Kuzmanoski, A.; Markoski, B. (2025) Meteorological parameters versus PM10: Statistical Analysis of the City of Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia Using Multiple Linear Regression. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/204196 
24.  Manevska, E.; Dimitrovska, O.; Radevski, I.; Gorin, S.; Kuzmanoski, A. (2025) Anthropogenic pressures on air quality in the Skopje agglomeration. Geogr. Rev. 58. https://doi.org/10.37658/GR255873m 
25.  Martinez, G.; Spadaro, J.; Chapizanis, D.; Kendrovski, V.; Kochubovski, M.; Mudu, P. (2018) Health Impacts and Economic Costs of Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Skopje. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15, (4), 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040626 
26.  Mayer, H. (1999) Air pollution in cities. Atmos. Environ. 33, (24-25), 4029–4037. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00144-2 
27.  Meisner, C.; Gjorgjev, D.; Tozija, F. (2015) Estimating health impacts and economic costs of air pollution in the Republic of Macedonia. South East Eur. J. Public Health, 4, (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/SEEJPH-2015-9 
28.  Mentzakis, E.; Delfino, D. (2010) Effects of air pollution and meteorological parameters on human health in the city of Athens, Greece. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. and Int J Environ Pollut. 40, (1–3), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEP.2010.030894 
29.  Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MOEPP) (2025) Air quality in the Republic of North Macedonia. Map of monitoring gauges. https://air.moepp.gov.mk/ (Accessed 14.4.2025) 
30.  Municipality of Bitola (2024) Local Environmental Action Plan for the Environment for the Period 2024–2030. Municipality of Bitola. 
31. Municipality of Kumanovo (2022) Final Local Environmental Action Plan for the Municipality of Kumanovo. Municipality of Kumanovo. 
32. Munir, S. (2015) Modelling the non-linear association of particulate matter (PM10) with meteorological parameters and other air pollutants—a case study in Makkah. Arab. J. Geosci. 9, (64). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2207-7 
33.  OpenStreetMap Contributors (2025) OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=8/41.615/21.751 (Accessed 20.5.2025) 
34.  Pearce, J.L.; Beringer, J.; Nicholls, N.; Hyndman, R.J.; Uotila, P.; Tapper, N.J. (2011) Investigating the influence of synoptic-scale meteorology on air quality using self-organizing maps and generalized additive modelling. Atmos. Environ, 45, (1), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.032 
35.  Perez, I.; Garcia, A.; Sanchez, L.; Pardo, N.; Duque, B. (2020) Key points in air pollution meteorology. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, (22), 8349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228349 
36.  Ravindra, K.; Rattan, P.; Mor, S.; Aggarwal, A.N. (2019) Generalized additive models: Building evidence of air pollution, climate change and human health. Environ. Int. 132, 104987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104987 
37.  Salmond, J.; Mckendry, I. (2009) Influences of Meteorology on Air Pollution Concentrations and Processes in Urban Areas. Issues Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847559654-00023 
38.  Schlink, U.; Dorling, S.; Pelikan, E.; Nunnari, G.; Cawley, G.; Junninen, H.; ... & Doyle, M. (2003) A rigorous inter-comparison of ground-level ozone predictions. Atmos. Environ. 37, (23), 3237-3253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00330-3 
39.  Spasovska, M.; Stefanovska, A. (2018) Ambient air quality management in the Republic of Macedonia. MACEDONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS, Research center for environment and materials, Book of Abstract, “Pollution of the cities in the Republic of Macedonia: what are the solutions?” https://www.mistraurbanfutures.org/sites/mistraurbanfutures.org/files/MANU%20Book%20of%20abstracts.pdf 
40.  State Statistical Office (2021) Population Census in the Republic of North Macedonia. https://popis2021.stat.gov.mk/# (Accessed 10.3.2025) 
41.  Trpevska-Trajkovska, M.; Stefanova, E. (2019) The influence of domestic fireplaces on air quality. Proceedings of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (In Macedonian). http://manu.edu.mk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Zbornik-na-trudovi-ZivotnaSredina.pdf 
42.  UNDP (2020) Tackling air pollution in North Macedonia. https://innovation.eurasia.undp.org/project/if-we-were-counting/ 
43.  UNEP (2022) Air pollution in the Western Balkans. https://zoinet.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Pollution-Balkans-EN2.pdf (Accessed 10.7.2024) 
44.  World Bank (2014) Green growth country assessment. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/949621468090285546/pdf/ACS81790ESW0wh0h0Country0Assessment.pdf (Accessed 12.6.2025) 
45.  World Bank (2019) Western Balkans Regional AQM - Western Balkans Report – AQM in North Macedonia. World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/116521576516981237/pdf/Air-Quality-Management-in-North-Macedonia.pdf (Accessed 14.5.2025) 
46.  Yan, Y.; Ren, P.; Meng, Q. (2024) Quantitative evaluation of the synergistic effects of multiple meteorological parameters on air pollutants based on generalized additive models. Urban Clim. 55, 101965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101965 
47.  Zhang, H.; El-Shaarawi, A. (2010) On spatial skew-Gaussian processes and applications. Environmetrics: The official journal of the International Environmetrics Society, 21, (1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.982