PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Volume 20, Issue no.1/ 2026

Authors :

Emilia GÎRBEA 1 ,  Liliana ZAHARIA 2 

1 Doctoral School ”Simion Mehedinti”, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Romania

2 Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Romania

E-mail : * Corresponding author:  emilia.avram97@gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.47743/pesd2026201001

VIEW FULL TEXT

1. 1. Arash, A. M.; Fryirs, K.; Ralph, T. J. (2025) Using a Hydro-Morphic Classification of Catchments to Characterise and Explain High Flow and Overbank Flood Behaviour. Geosci., 15, 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15040141 
2.  Archfield, S. A.; Hirsch, R. M.; Viglione, A.; Blöschl G. (2016) Fragmented patterns of flood change across the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10232–10239. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070590 
3.  Berghuijs, W. R.; Aalbers, E. E.; Larsen, J. R.; Trancoso, R.; Woods, R.A. (2017) Recent changes in extreme floods across multiple continents. Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 114035. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8847 
4.  Bertola, M.; Viglione, A.; Lun, D.; Hall, J.; Blöschl, G. (2020) Flood trends in Europe: are changes in small and big floods different? Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1805–1822. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1805-2020
5.  Bertola, M.; Viglione, A.; Lun, D.; Blöschl, G. (2023) Flood changes in Europe: from detection to attribution. Proceedings paper in EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-5595. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5595 
6.  Bîrsan, M.V. (2015) Trends in Monthly Natural Streamflow in Romania and Linkages to Atmospheric Circulation in the North Atlantic. Water. Resour. Manage. 29, 3305–3313 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-0999-6 
7.  Bîrsan, M.V. (2017) Variability of the natural river flow regime in Romania [Variabilitatea regimului natural al scurgerii râurilor din România]. Ars Docedi Publisher: Bucharest, Romania, 2017.  
8. Bîrsan, M.V.; Dumitrescu, A. (2013) Snow variability in Romania in connection to large-scale atmospheric circulation. Int. J. Climatol., 34, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3671 
9.  Bîrsan, M.V.; Zaharia, L.; Chende?, V.; Branescu, E. (2012) Recent trends in streamflow in Romania (1976–2005). Rom. Rep. Phys., 64, 275–280. 
10.  Bîrsan, M.V.; Zaharia, L.; Chende?, V.; Branescu, E. (2014) Seasonal trends in Romanian streamflow. Hydrol. Process., 28, 4496–4505. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9961 
11.  Blöschl, G.; Hall, J.; Parajka, J.; Perdigão, R.A.P.; Merz, B.; Arheimer, B.; … Živkovic, N. (2017) Changing climate shifts timing of European floods. Science, 357, 588–590. doi:10.1126/science.aan2506 
12.  Blöschl, G.; Hall, J.; Viglione, A.; Perdigão, R.A.; Parajka, J.; Merz, B.; … Živkovic, N. (2019) Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods. Nature, 573, 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1495-6 
13.  Caretta, M.A.; Mukherji, A.; Arfanuzzaman, M.; Betts, R.A.; Gelfan, A.; Hirabayashi, Y.; Lissner, T.K.; Liu, J.; Lopez Gunn, E.; Morgan, R.; Mwanga, S.; Supratid, S. (2022) Water. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2022; pp. 551–712. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.006 
14.  Chelu, A.; Zaharia, L.; Dubreuil, V. (2022) Estimation of climatic and anthropogenic contributions to streamflow change in southern Romania. Hydrol.l Sci. J., 67, 1598-1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2022.2098025 
15.  Cheval, S.; Bîrsan, M.V.; Dumitrescu, A. (2014) Climate variability in the Carpathian Mountains region over 1961-2010. Glob. Planet. Change., 118, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.04.005 
16.  Corbus, C.; Mic, R.P.; Matreata, M. (2013) Potential climate change impact upon maximum flow in Ialomita river basin. In National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management - Scientific Conference, Water Resources Management under Climate and Anthropogenic Changes, Bucharest, România, 23-26 September 2013, pp 237–242. 
17.  Croitoru, AE.; Minea, I. (2015) The impact of climate changes on rivers discharge in Eastern Romania. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 120, 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1194-z 
18.  Do, H. X.; Westra, S.; Leonard, M. (2017) A global-scale investigation of trends in annual maximum streamflow. J. Hydrol., 552, 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.06.015 
19.  Hall, J.; Arheimer, B.; Borga, M.; Brázdil, R.; Claps, P.; Kiss, A.; Kjeldsen, T. R.; … Blöschl, G. (2014) Understanding flood regime changes in Europe: A state-of-the-art assessment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2735–2772. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2735-2014 
20.  Ishak, E. H.; Rahman, A.; Westra, S.; Sharma, A.; Kuczera, G. (2013) Evaluating the non-stationarity of Australian annual maximum flood. J. Hydrol., 494, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.021 
21.  Jipa, N.; Mehedinteanu, L. (2012). Trends in variability of water flow of Teleajen river. Proceedings paper in Air and Water–Components of the Environment, Cluj Napoca, România, 23-24 Martie 2012, pp 535–542. 
22.  Joy, M. A. R.; Upaul, S.; Fatema, K.; Amin, F. R. (2023). Application of GIS and remote sensing in morphometric analysis of river basin at the south-western part of great Ganges delta, Bangladesh. Hydrol. Res., 54, 739-755. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2023.087. 
23.  Kundzewicz, Z. W.; Graczyk, D. ; Maurer, T.; Pinskwar, I.; Radziejewski, M.; Svensson, C.; Szwed, M. (2005) Trend detection in river flow series: 1. Annual maximum flow/ / Détection de tendance dans des séries de débit fluvial: 1. Débit maximum annuel. Hydrol. Sci. J., 50, 797-810. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.2005.50.5.797 
24.  Kundzewicz, Z.W.; Kanae, S. ; Seneviratne, S. I.; Handmer, J.; Nicholls, N.; Peduzzi, P.; … Sherstyukov, B. (2014) Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives. Hydrol. Sci. J., 59, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.857411 
25.  Madsen, H.; Lawrence, D.; Lang, D.; Martinkova, M.; Kjeldsen, T.R. (2014) Review of trend analysis and climate change projections of extreme precipitation and floods in Europe. J. Hydrol., 519, 3634–3650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.003 
26.  Mangini, W.; Viglione, A.; Hall, J.; Hundecha, Y.; Ceola, S.; Montanari, A.; … Parajka, J. (2018) Detection of trends in magnitude and frequency of flood peaks across Europe. Hydrol. Sci. J., 63, 493–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1444766 
27.  Mediero, L.; Kjeldsen, T. R.; Macdonald, N.; Kohnova, S.; Merz, B.; Vorogushyn, S.; Wilson, D.; Alburquerque, T.; Blöschl, G.; Bogdanowicz, E.; Castellarin, A.; Hall, J.; … Þórarinsson, Ó. (2015) Identification of coherent flood regions across Europe by using the longest streamflow records. J. Hydrol., 528, 341–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.016 
28.  Mic, R.P; Mares, C.; Corbus, C.; Matrea?a, M.; Chendes, V.; Radu, E.; Stanescu, G.; Chelcea, S.; Teodor, S.; Matreata, S.; Adler, M.J.; Mares, I.; Achim, D.; Preda, A.; Borcan, M.; Retegan, M.; Apostu, A.D.; Branescu, E. (2016) Climate change impact on hydrology, CLIMHYDEX – Changes in climate extremes and associated impact in hydrological events in Romania. Final Report, Bucharest. 
29.  Micu, D. M.; Dumitrescu, A.; Cheval, S.; Bîrsan, M.-V. (2015) Observed variability and trends from instrumental records. In Climate of the Romanian Carpathians; Micu, D.M., Dumitrescu, A., Cheval, S., Bîrsan, M.-V., Eds.; Springer Atmospheric Sciences: Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2015; pp. 149-186. 
30.  Micu, D.M.; Amihaesei, V. A.; Milian, N.; Cheval, S. (2021) Recent changes in temperature and precipitation indices in the Southern Carpathians, Romania (1961–2018). Theor. Appl. Climatol., 144, 691–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03560-w 
31.  Minea, I.; Boicu, D.; Iosub, M.; Chelariu, O.-E.; Solomon, B. (2020) Long-term trends in rivers flow from north-eastern part of Romania. Proceedings paper in 20th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2020, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/3.1/s12.030 
32.  Minea, I.; Chelariu, O. E. (2021) Anomalies and trends of high river flow under temperate climatic conditions in north-eastern Romania. J. Water Clim. Change, 12, 552–565. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2020.124 
33.  Minea, I.; Iosub, M.; Enea, A.; Boicu, D.; Chelariu, O.E. (2022) Hydrological Extremes Anomalies and Trends in Lower Danube Basin: Case Study—Romanian Drainage Area Between Siret and Prut Rivers. In The Lower Danube River. Earth and Environmental Sciences Library; Negm, A., Zaharia, L., Ioana-Toroimac, G., Eds. Springer: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2020; pp. 381-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03865-5_13 
34.  Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests (M.M.A.P), National Commission for the Safety of Dams and other Hydrotechnical Works (CONSIB) (2019) National Register of Dams in Romania (REBAR) [Registrul National al Barajelor din România]. Available online: https://www.mmediu.ro/articol/registrului-national-al-barajelor-din-romania-rebar/6229 (accesed 15 Mars 2025) 
35.  Mitof, I.; Pravalie, R. (2014) Temporal trends of hydroclimatic variability in the lower Buzau catchment. Geographia Technica, 9, 87–100. 
36. Mocanu-Vargancsik, C.; Tudor, G. (2020) On the linear trends of a water discharge data under temporal variation. Case study: the upper sector of the Buzau river (Romania). Forum geografic, XIX, 37-44. doi:10.5775/fg.2020.041.i 
37.  National Administration “Romanian Waters” (N.A.R.W.) (2022) Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment for Buzau–Ialomi?a Basin Water Administration [Evaluarea preliminara a riscului la inunda?ii, Administra?ia Bazinala de Apa Buzau–Ialomi?a] - Available online: https://inundatii.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/PFRA_Report_RO5_Buzau-Ialomita.pdf (accesed 20 Mars 2025) 
38.  National Administration “Romanian Waters” (N.A.R.W.) (2023) Flood Risk Management Plan for Buzau – Ialomita Basin Water Administration, Implementation of the Floods Directive Cycle 2 [Plan de management al riscului la inunda?ii, Administra?ia Bazinala de Apa Buzau – Ialomi?a, Ciclul II de implementare a Directivei privind inunda?iile]. Available online: https://inundatii.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/PMRI_Ciclul-II_ABA-Buzau-Ialomita.pdf (accesed 20 Mars 2025) 
39.  Neculau, G.; Zaharia, L. (2010) Maximum flow variablity and flood potential in Trotus Catchment Area. Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai – Geographia, 1, 87–98 
40.  Perju, R. (2012) Characteristics of floods in Valea Cerbului Catchment. In: Gâstescu, P., Lewis, W. Jr, Bretcan, P., Eds. Water resources and wetlands, 14-16 September 2012, Tulcea – Romania. Transversal Publishing house: Târgovi?te, Romania, 2012; pp. 248-253. 
41.  Perju, R.; Zaharia, L. (2014) Changes in the frequency and magnitude of floods in the Bucegi Mountains (Romanian Carpathians). In: Gâ?tescu, P., Wlodzimierz, M., Bre?can, P., Eds. Water resources and wetlands, 11-13 September 2014 Tulcea (Romania). Transversal Publishing house: Târgovi?te, Romania, 2014; pp. 321–328. 
42.  Perju, E.R.; Zaharia, L.; Balin, D.; Lane, S. (2014) Changements climatiques dans les Carpates Roumaines et impacts hydrologiques. Étude de cas: les Monts de Bucegi. Actes du XXVIIe Colloque de l’Association Internationale de Climatologie, pp. 73–79. 
43.  Prabhakar, A.K.; Singh, K.K.; Lohani, A.K.; Chandniha, S. K. (2019) Study of Champua watershed for management of resources by using morphometric analysis and satellite imagery. Appl. Water Sci. 9, 127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1003-z 
44.  Pravalie, R.; Zaharia, L.; Bandoc, G.; Petrisor, A.I.; Ionus, O; Mitof, I. (2016) Hydroclimatic dynamics in southwestern Romania drylands over the past 50 years. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 125, 1255–1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0730-x 
45. Salmi, T.; Määttä A.; Anttila, P.; Ruoho-Airola, T.; Amnell, T. (2002) Detecting trends of annual values of atmospheric pollutants by the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimates –the Excel template application MAKESENS. Publications on Air Quality No. 31: Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, pp.35. 
46. Slater, L. J.; Villarini, G. (2016). Recent trends in U.S. flood risk. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12428–12436. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071199 
47. Topographic Military Directorate (2004) Digital Elevation Modeling with a resolution of 25 m, first edition, Stereographic projection 1970 [Modelul Numeric al Terenului cu rezolutia de 25m edi?ia I, Proiec?ie Stereografica 1970]. Topographic Military Directorate: Bucharest, Romania 
48.  Tramblay, Y.; Mimeau, L. ; Neppel, L.; Vinet, F.; Sauquet, E. (2019) Detection and attribution of flood trends in Mediterranean basins. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4419–4431. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4419-2019 
49.  World Meteorological Organization (W.M.O.) (2024). Available online: https://community.W.M.O..int/en/W.M.O.-climatological-normals (accesed 2 Mars 2025). 
50.  Zadeh, S.M.; Burn, D.H.; O’Brien, N. (2020) Detection of trends in flood magnitude and frequency in Canada. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 28, 100673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2 
51.  Zaharia, L.; Beltrando, G. (2009) Variabilité et tendances de la pluviométrie et des débits de crue dans la région de la Courbure de l’Arc carpatique (Roumanie). Geogr. Tech., Numéro Spécial, 471–476. 
52.  Zaharia, L.; Ioana-Toroimac, G.; Perju, R. (2020) Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes in Romania. In Water Resources Management in Romania; Negm A.., Romanescu, Gh., Zelenáková, M. Eds.; Springer Water: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2020; pp. 309-351. Doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22320-5