PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Volume 17, Issue no.1/ 2023

Authors :

Happy TIRIVANGASI 1,2, Munyaradzi DZVIMBO 3, Leornard CHITONGO 4, Albert MAWONDE 5

1 Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, Finland

2 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Limpopo, South Africa

3 Department of Geography, University of the Free State, South Africa

4 School of Management, IT & Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

5 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa

E-mail : * Corresponding author: tirivahm@student.jyu.fi (H.T), +263779345385

https://doi.org/10.47743/pesd2023171003

VIEW FULL TEXT

1. Action Aid (2012) What works for women: Proven approaches for empowering women small-holders and achieving food security.     Available online: https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/what-works-for-women-proven-approaches-for-empowering-women-smallholders-and-ac-216769/. (Accessed on 12 June 2022).
2. Aid Environment (2013) Defining Smallholders. Suggestions for RSB smallholder definitions. EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Available online: https://docplayer.net/39557917-Defining-smallholders.html. (Accessed on 12 June 2022).
3. Baden, S.; Pionettia C. (2011) Women‘s Collective Action in Agricultural Markets: Synthesis of preliminary findings from Ethiopia, Mali and Tanzania’, Oxfam GB. Available on: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/womens-collective-action-in-agricultural-markets-synthesis-of-preliminary-findi-245931 (Accessed on 15 July 2022).
4. Bhatasara, S.; Chiweshe, M.K. (2017) Beyond gender: interrogating women’s experiences in FTLRP in Zimbabwe. Africa Review, 9(2), 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09744053.2017.1329808
5. Blackden, C.M.; Wodon, Q. (Eds.) (2006) Gender, time use, and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, 73; World Bank Publications, Washington, D.C.
6. Brown, M. (2011) Gender and sexuality: Intersectional anxieties. Progress in human Geography, 36 (4), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511420973
7. Cheater, A.P. (1986) The role and position of women in pre-colonial and colonial Zimbabwe. Zambezia, 13, 65-79. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA03790622_242
8. Chidakwa, P.; Mabhena, C.; Mucherera, B.; Chikuni, J.; Mudavanhu, C. (2020) Women’s vulnerability to climate change: gender-skewed implications on agrobased livelihoods in rural Zvishavane, Zimbabwe. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 27, 259–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521520910969
9. Chidzonga M. (1993) The Situation of Women in Agriculture in the Communal Areas of Zimbabwe, In Mkandawire. R. and Matlosa, K. (eds) Food Policy and Agriculture in Southern Africa. SAPES, Harare
10. Chigwenya A.; Ndhlovu P. (2016) Women, Land Use, Property Rights and Sustainable Development in Zimbabwe. In: Etim J. (eds) Introduction to Gender Studies in Eastern and Southern Africa. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam.
11. Chitsike, F. (2003) A critical analysis of land reform programme in Zimbabwe. A paper presented at 2nd FIG regional Conference on Management of Land, Marrakech, Morocco.
12. Chiweshe, M.K. (2015) Women and the Emergence of Grassroots Institutions onPost-Fast Track Farms in Zimbabwe; Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security, 1, 40 – 53. https://10.22004/ag.econ.246041
13. Clancy, J.S.; Skutsch, M.; Batchelor, S. (2002) The gender-energy-poverty nexus: Finding the energy to address gender concerns in development (DFID Project Document No. CNTR998521). Department for International Development (DFID), London, UK.
14. Costa, B. (2010) Women’s rights and access to land: The last stretch of road to eradicate hunger. ActionAid, Dhaka.
15. Delmar, R. (2018) What is feminism? In Theorizing feminism, Routledge, London, (pp. 5-28).
16. Denning, G.; Kabambe, P.; Sanchez, P.; Malik, A.; Flor, R.; Harawa, R.; Magombo, C. (2009) Input subsidies to improve small-holder maize productivity in Malawi: Toward an African Green Revolution. PLoS Biol, 7(1), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000023
17. Dzvimbo M.A.; Monga, M.; Mashizha T.M. (2017) The Link between Rural Institutions and Rural Development: Reflections on Smallholder Farmers and Donors in Zimbabwe. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206064653
18. Eastwood R.; Lipton M.; Newell A. (2009) Farm size. In: Pingali; P. and R. Evenson (eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Amsterdam, Elsevier.
19. FAO (2022) The status of women in agrifood systems. FAO, Rome.
20. FAO (2002) FAO land tenure studies: Gender and access to land. FAO, Rome.
21. FAO (2010) Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment: Differentiated pathways out of poverty, status, trends and gaps. FAO, Rome.
22. FAO (2011) The State of Food and Agriculture 2010 –2011, Women in Agriculture: Closing the gender gap for development. FAO, Rome.
23. FAO (2017) National gender profile of agriculture and rural livelihoods – Zimbabwe:
    Country Gender Assessment Series. FAO, Rome.
24. Ferguson, L.; Moosa, Z. (2011) Farming as Equals: How supporting women’s rights and gender equality makes the difference. Available online: https://actionaid.org/publications/2011/farming-equals-how-supporting-womens-rights-and-gender-equality-makes-difference (Accessed on 12 June 2022).
25. Garner E.; de la O Campos A.P. (2014) Identifying the “family farm”: an informal discussion of the concepts and definitions. ESA Working Paper No. 14-10. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4306e.pdf (Accessed on 7 April 2020).
26. Garutsa, T.C.; Mubaya, C.P.; Zhou, L. (2018) Gendered differentials in climate change adaptation amongst the Shona ethnic group in Marondera rural district, Zimbabwe: a social inclusions lens. AAS Open Research, 1(14). https://doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12826.1.
27. Gelling, L. (2013) A feminist approach to research. Nurse Researcher, 21,6. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2013.09.21.1.6.s2
28. Goebel, A. (2005) Zimbabwe’s fast track land reform; What about women? Gender, Place and Culture, 12, 145–172.https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690500094799
29. GZI [Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbert] (2013) Gender and Agricultural Extension. Availabe on:  https://www.g-fras.org/en/knowledge/documents/category/17-gender.html?download=162:gender-and-agricultural-extension. (Accessed on: 5 July 2021).
30. Hoffman, J. (2001) Defining feminism. Politics, 21, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00151
31. Hooks, B. (2004) Understanding patriarchy. In The will to change: Men, masculinity, and love (pp. 17–25). Washington Square Press, New York, NY.
32. Jamir, M.A. (2022) A Critical Analysis of Writers Post Third Wave Feminism. Journal of Multidisciplinary Cases, 2, 16-21. https://doi.org/10.55529/jmc.22.16.21
33. Jere, P. (2008) Food Security in the SADC: Situation Analysis and Review of Gender Linkages: In Ruiters M. (ed): Gender Instruments in Africa: Consolidating Gains in the Southern African Development Community. Acumen Publishing, Johannesburg.
34. Kacharo, D.K. (2007) Agricultural Information Networks of Farm Women and Role of Agricultural Extension: The Case of Dale Woreda, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region,Available on: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/710 (Accessed on: 5 July 2021).
35. Kamara, L.I.; Dorward, P.; Lalani, B.; Wauters, E. (2019) Unpacking the drivers behind the use of the Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) approach: The case of rice research and extension professionals in Sierra Leone. Agricultural Systems, 176, 102673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102673
36. Kambarami, M. (2006) Femininity, Sexuality and Culture: Patriarchy and Female Subordination in Zimbabwe. University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape. Available on: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/femininity-sexuality-and-culture-patriarchy-and-female-subordination-zimbabwe/. (Accessed on: 15 June 2021).
37. Kes, A.; Swaminathan, H. (2006) Gender and time poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Gender, time use, and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Available on: https://sarpn.org/documents/d0002049/Gender_Poverty_WorldBank_2006.pdf#page=27
38. Komjathy, K.; Nichols, S. (2001) Principles for Equitable Gender Inclusion in Land Administration: FIG Guidelines on Women’s Access to Land, New Technology for a New Century International Conference FIG Working Wee, Seoul.
39. Lastarria-Cornhiel, S. (2008) Background Paper for the World Development Report 2008: Feminization of Agriculture: Trends and Driving Forces, Rimisp-Latin American Center for Rural Development. Available on: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/655741468338477909/pdf/41367optmzd0Fe1Agriculture01PUBLIC1.pdf. (Available on: 12 June 2021).
40. Makura, E.S.; Ndabaningi, A.; Chikwiri, E. (2016) Gender dynamics in climate change adaptation strategies with particular focus on Goromonzi District, Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5, 11-13.
41. Manjengwa, J.; Hanlon, J.; Smart, T. (2014) Who will make the ‘best’use of Africa’s land? Lessons from Zimbabwe. Third World Quarterly, 35(6), 980-995.https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.907722
42. Mkandawira, L.; Matlosa, B. (1995) Agricultural politics in Zimbabwe: A case of ESAP. SAPES, Harare.
43. Mudombi, S.; Muchie, M. (2013) Perceptions of water access in the context of climate change by rural households in the Seke and Murewa districts, Zimbabwe. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 5, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v5i1.71
44. Muzari W. (2016) Gender Disparities and the Role of Women in Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Science and Research, 5, 1869- 1873.
45. Ngweno, A.; Oldja, L.; Hassan, M.; Kapoor, P. (2018) Demand-side review of Financial Inclusion for women in Entrepreneurship and small-holder Agriculture, Ottawa, International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
46. Nhuta, S.; Mukumba, E. (2017) Empowerment of Zimbabwean Women through Entrepreneurship an Economic and Social Perspective. International Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 7, 373-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p1
47. Nyahunda, L.; Tirivangasi, H.M. (2021) Harnessing of Social Capital as a Determinant for Climate Change Adaptation in Mazungunye Communal Lands in Bikita, Zimbabwe. Scientifica, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8416410
48. Nyahunda, L. ; Tirivangasi, H.M. (2022) Adaptation strategies employed by rural women in the face of climate change impacts in Vhembe district, Limpopo province, South Africa. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 33, 1061-1075.
49. Nyamudeza, K. (2012) Gender Dynamics in cotton production: A case study of A1 farmers in Sessombi, Kwekwe district, Zimbabwe, Unpublished Masters’ Thesis, University of Zimbabwe. Department.
50. Nyikahadzoi, K.; Siziba, S.; Mango, N.; Mapfumo, P.; Adekunhle, A.; Fatunbi, O. (2012) Creating food self -reliance among the smallholder farmers of eastern Zimbabwe: Exploring the role of integrated agricultural research for development. Food Security, 4, 647-656.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0218-8
51. OECD (2006) ‘Enhancing Women’s Market Access and Promoting Pro-poor Growth’. Available on: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/enhancing-women-s-market-access-and-promoting-pro-poor-growth_5l4tf06fjpnn.pdf. (Accessed on: 5 June 2021).
52. Pattnaik, I.; Lahiri-Dutt, K.; Lockie, S.; Pritchard, B. (2018) The feminization of agriculture or the feminization of agrarian distress? Tracking the trajectory of women in agriculture in India. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 23, 138-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2017.1394569
53. Perry, D. (2002) Microcredit and women moneylenders: The shifting terrain of credit in rural Senegal, Human Organization, 61, 30-40. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.61.1.dju40406h8cdp92y
54. Peterman, A. J. Behrman and A. Quisumbing. (2011). A Review of Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Non-Land Agricultural Inputs, Technology and Services in Developing Countries. ESA Working Paper No. 11-11, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available on: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/am316e/am316e00.pdf. (Accessed on: April 25, 2020).
55. Quisumbing, A.R.; Pandolfelli, L. (2010) Promising Approaches to Address the Needs of Poor Female Farmers: Resources, Constraints and Interventions, World Development, 38, 581-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.006
56. Ravera, F.; Martín-López, B.; Pascual, U.; Drucker, A. (2016) The diversity of gendered adaptation strategies to climate change of Indian farmers: A feminist intersectional approach. Ambio, 45, 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0833-2
57. Statutory Instrument 54 of 2014. Agricultural Land Settlement (Permit Terms and Conditions) Regulations.Available on: https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC158139/. (Accessed on: April 25, 2020).
58. Tirivangasi, H.M.; Tayengwa, D. (2017) Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and food security in South Africa: Is land reform a prerequisite. Journal of Human Ecology, 57(3), 118-124.
59. Tirivangasi, H.M.; Nyahunda, L.; Mabila, T.; Zingwena, T. (2021) Exploring Humanitarian response strategies in the aftermath of disasters induced by climate change in Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2021.2018289
60. Troicare (2015) Gender and Agriculture in Troicare Programmes – Status and practical recommendation. Available on: https://www.trocaire.org/sites/default/files/resources/policy/gender-agriculture.pdf. (Accessed on: April 25, 2020).
61. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2008). Sanyati District Map. Available on:  https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/zimbabwe/infographic/sanyati-district-map. (Accessed on: April 25, 2020).
62. Utete, C. (2003) Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee on the Implementation of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, 2000 – 2002 (“The Utete Report”). Available on: http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0000622/P600-Utete_PLRC_0002. (Accessed on: January 25 2020).
63. Vorley, B.; Cotula, L.; Chan, M.K. (2012) Tipping the Balance: Policies to shape agricultural investments and markets in favour of small-scale farmers, Research Report, Oxfam, Oxford.
64. Walby, S. (2011) The future of feminism. Polity Press, Cambridge.
65. Wiggins, S.; Keats, S. (2013) Smallholder agriculture’s contribution to better nutrition/ Report Commissioned by the Hunger Alliance. Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 20 March 2013. Overseas Development Institute, London. Available on: https://odi.org/en/publications/smallholder-agricultures-contribution-to-better-nutrition/ (Accessed on: January 25 2020).
66. World Bank (2003) Reaching the Rural Poor: A Renewed Strategy for Rural Development. Available on: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/14084. (Accessed on: January 25, 2020).
67. World Bank. (2019) World development report. The changing nature of work. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available on: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2019. (Accessed on: January 25, 2020).
68. Zamasiya, B.; Nyikahadzoi, K.; Mukamuri, B.B. (2017) Factors influencing smallholder farmers' behavioural intention towards adaptation to climate change in transitional climatic zones: A case study of Hwedza District in Zimbabwe. Journal of Environmental Management, 198, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.073. (Accessed on: January 25, 2020).
69. Zimbabwe Statistics (2012) Zimbabwe Population Census report. Available on: https://www.zimstat.co.zw/. (Accessed on: January 25, 2020).